I-Ketogenic Diet: Indlela Engenakuqhathaniswa Yokulwa Nesifo I-Alzheimer's
Isikhathi sokufunda esilinganiselwe: 30 imizuzu
Inothi lombhali: NjengoMeluleki Wezempilo Yengqondo Onelayisense oneminyaka engu-16 yokuhlangenwe nakho kokuzijwayeza okuyimfihlo, ngichithe iminyaka eyisithupha edlule ngishintsha abantu abanesifo sengqondo kanye nokuphazamiseka kwemizwa ngibafake ekudleni okune-ketogenic. Kungithathe isikhathi eside ukubhala lesi sihloko, futhi angiqiniseki ukuthi kungani. Ngicabanga ukuthi, njengomuntu ohlushwa ukukhubazeka kwengqondo emlandweni wami wezempilo, lokhu okuthunyelwe bekuzwakala kungokomzwelo futhi kunzima ukuba nenhloso ngakho. Ngangingenaso isifo i-Alzheimer's (ngiyabonga), kodwa ngaba nokukhubazeka kwengqondo komuntu onokukhubazeka kwengqondo. Isigaba 1 Isifo i-Alzheimer's. Futhi, njengomeluleki wezempilo yengqondo, ngihlala neziguli ezibuka izithandwa zazo ziphuma kuzo ngenxa yalesi sifo. Ucwaningo lusekude kakhulu ngalesi sihloko kunokuba lwalunjalo ngoSepthemba 2021 ngenkathi ngiqala le bhulogi. Kangangoba ngizizwa ngizethemba kakhulu ekugomeni okuqinile engikwenzile ekwakhiweni kwesihloko esithi “Ukudla Kwe-Ketogenic: Indlela Engenakuqhathaniswa Yokulwa Nesifo I-Alzheimer.” Futhi manje, okuthile okujulile emathunjini ami kungitshela ukuthi sekuyisikhathi. Ngibhala lesi sihloko sebhulogi ngethemba lokuthi othile (onjengawe) uzosithola futhi afunde ngendlela enamandla yokunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo noma ukumisa ukuqhubeka kwesifo kwalokhu kugula yena noma othile amthandayo.
Isingeniso
Ngeke ngingene ekutheni siyini isifo i-Alzheimer noma izinga lokusabalala kwaso. Uma uvakashela lokhu okuthunyelwe, cishe ulapha ukuze ufunde mayelana nezinketho zokwelashwa ezingcono, futhi isikhathi siwumongo. Izinqubo ze-Neurodeergenerative ezifana nokuwohloka komqondo ziyizimo ezizwela isikhathi. Uma ulinda isikhathi eside ukwelapha izimbangela eziwumsuka, kuba mkhulu umonakalo owenzekayo. Noma kunjalo, kubalulekile kuqala ukuthola isibambo ekwelashweni okukhona kanye nokushiyeka kwakho. Lolu lwazi luzokuvumela ukuthi uqhathanise nezinzuzo ezingaba khona zokudla kwe-ketogenic kuwe noma obathandayo.
Izinketho zamanje zokwelapha i-Alzheimer's azishodi ngalutho. Imithi evunyelwe njengamanje - ngokuvamile i-cholinesterase inhibitors kanye nama-NMDA receptor antagonists - ikakhulukazi ihlose ukuphatha izimpawu esikhundleni sokubhekana nezinqubo zesifo eziqhuba inqubo ye-neurodegenerative.
I-Cholinesterase inhibitors njenge-Donepezil (i-Aricept), i-Rivastigmine (i-Exelon), ne-Galantamine (i-Razadyne). Le mithi isebenza ngokunciphisa ukuwohloka kwe-acetylcholine, i-neurotransmitter ehilelekile ekukhumbuleni nasekuqondeni, evame ukuncipha ezigulini ze-Alzheimer's. Imiphumela emibi evamile ingabandakanya isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, kanye nesifo sohudo.
Abamelene nabamukeli be-NMDA njenge-Memantine (Namenda). Lesi sidakamizwa sisebenza ngokulawula umsebenzi we-glutamate, enye i-neurotransmitter edlala indima ekukhumbuleni nasekufundeni. Ukusebenza ngokweqile kwe-glutamate kungabangela ukulimala kwamaselula, i-Memantine ezama ukusiza ukuyivimbela. Imiphumela engemihle engaba khona ihlanganisa isiyezi, ikhanda elibuhlungu, nokudideka.
Nakuba le mithi inganikeza ukukhululeka kwesikhashana kwezinye izimpawu ezifana nokuphazamiseka kwenkumbulo nokudideka, ngokuvamile iyancipha ngokudabukisayo ekumiseni noma ngisho nokunciphisa ukuqhubeka kwesifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le mithi iza nenqwaba yemiphumela engemihle engaba khona, kusukela ekucanuzeleni isicanucanu kanye nesifo sohudo kuya ekuphazamisekeni okukhulu kwesigqi senhliziyo.
Kodwa kuthiwani ngesithembiso sezidakamizwa ze-anti-amyloid beta (Aβ)? Lokhu kuthenjiswe njengekhambi, futhi uma sibambe isikhashana, lesi sidakamizwa esiyisimangaliso sizolungisa isifo i-Alzheimer's. Kulungile?
Abahlanganyeli abakhubazeke kahle ngokwengqondo abalashwe ngemithi elwa ne-Aβ babonakala benokuhlehla okubalulekile okuya kumavolumu obuchopho okuvamile okuwohloka komqondo kwe-Alzheimer ~ezinyangeni eziyi-8 ngaphambi kwalokho uma bengelashwanga.
U-Alves, F., Kalinowski, P., & Ayton, S. (2023). Ukulahleka Kwevolumu Yobuchopho Okusheshayo Okubangelwa Izidakamizwa Eziphikisana Ne-β-Amyloid: Ukubuyekezwa Okuhlelekile Nokuhlaziywa Kwe-Meta. Neurology, 100(20), e2114-e2124. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000207156
Le mithi ibeka engcupheni impilo yobuchopho yesikhathi eside. Pho kungani emhlabeni singasebenzisa lesi sifo kwi-Alzheimer's? Futhi kungani izazi zezinzwa zinganikezi imvume eyanele enolwazi ezigulini mayelana nokulinganiselwa nezingozi zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa ukuze zizame ukwelapha izimpawu zesifo i-Alzheimer's? Emzamweni wethu wokudambisa izimpawu okwesikhashana, singase sikhulise umgudu wesifo singahlosile.
Ezigabeni ezilandelayo, sizocubungula izinqubo ze-pathological ezingaphansi kwesifo i-Alzheimer's futhi sihlole ukuthi ukudla kwe-ketogenic kungasebenzisana kanjani nalezi zindlela - nokuthi kungani unelungelo eliphelele lokwazi ngakho njengendlela yokwelapha engaba khona kuwe noma kothile omthandayo. .
Ukubhekana ne-Brain Hypometabolism ku-Alzheimer's: Ukuhlanganisa Ukudla Kwe-Ketogenic
Okubalulekile ku-Alzheimer's pathology yinto eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-brain hypometabolism. Ake ngichaze kangcono ukuthi lisho ukuthini lelo gama.
I-Brain hypometabolism isho isimo sokuncipha kokusebenza kwe-metabolic ebuchosheni, esibonakala ngokuncipha kokumuncwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kweglucose - umthombo wamandla oyinhloko wamangqamuzana obuchopho. Lokhu kuncipha kwe-metabolic okuyinhlekelele akukhona nje ukuntula amandla, nakuba lokho kungaba okulimazayo ngokwanele. Kubangela uchungechunge lwemiphumela elimazayo ephazamisa ukusebenza kwezinzwa futhi iphazamise ukuxhumana phakathi kwamangqamuzana obuchopho.
Ama-Neurons ancike kakhulu emandleni; ngisho nokuntuleka kwamandla okuncane kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekhonweni lazo lokusebenza. Ngaphandle kwekhono lokusebenzisa i-glucose kuphethiloli, ayancipha amandla okudlulisa amasignali, futhi ikhono lawo lokwakha ukuxhumana okusha, okubalulekile ekufundeni nasekukhumbuleni, lisengozini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-hypometabolism eqhubekayo ingaholela ekulahlekelweni kwama-neurons kanye nokuncipha kwevolumu yobuchopho kamuva (ukuncipha kobuchopho), kokubili okunomthelela ekwehleni komqondo kanye nokuvela kwezimpawu ezihlobene nezimo ezifana ne-Alzheimer's Disease. Ngakho-ke, i-hypometabolism yobuchopho imelela isici esibalulekile ku-pathogenesis yezinkinga ezihlukahlukene ze-neurodeergenerative.
Angicacise kahle uma kwenzeka lowo musho wokugcina ungafikanga kuwena.
Lena akuyona indaba yempikiswano noma impikiswano emphakathini wesayensi. Ucwaningo lwe-brain imaging lukhombise ngokungaguquki ukuncipha kokuthathwa kweglucose ezindaweni ezithile zobuchopho be-Alzheimer. Ucwaningo oluningi olubuyekezwe ontanga luhlobanise lokhu kuncipha komsebenzi we-metabolic nokuncipha kwengqondo nokulahlekelwa inkumbulo okubonisa Isifo i-Alzheimer's.
Akusona isixhumanisi sokucatshangelwa noma ukuhlobana nje kodwa isici esiqinisekisiwe se-pathology yesifo. Ngakho-ke, i-hypometabolism yobuchopho akuwona umphumela ohlangothini noma umphumela we-Alzheimer's; kuyingxenye eyinhloko yenqubo yesifo ngokwaso.
Lapho sibhekene nalobu bufakazi obungenakuphikiswa, ukukhomba i-hypometabolism yobuchopho kuvela njengecebo elibalulekile, ngokungangabazeki elibaluleke kakhulu ekubhekaneni nesifo i-Alzheimer's. Nokho, naphezu kwendima yayo eyinhloko ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwesifo, i-hypometabolism yobuchopho ihlala inganakwa ngemithi yamanje noma ukwelashwa okujwayelekile kokunakekelwa kwe-Alzheimer's Disease.
I-Hypometabolic Brain Structure ku-AD
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ku-AD, lokhu kuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic kubonakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezithile zobuchopho ezibaluleke kakhulu kwinkumbulo nemisebenzi yengqondo. Izifunda ezimbili ezivame ukuthinteka yi-parietal lobe kanye ne-posterior cingulate cortex.
I-parietal lobe, etholakala eduze nengemuva lobuchopho, inesibopho semisebenzi eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukuzulazula kwendawo, ukunaka, nokucubungula ulimi. Ukonakala kwayo kungaholela ebunzimeni ekwenzeni le misebenzi, kubonakale njengokuduka kalula, ukuzabalaza ukunakekela, noma ukuba nenkinga yokufunda noma yokuqonda inkulumo.
I-posterior cingulate cortex, etholakala phakathi kobuchopho, idlala indima ebalulekile ekubuyiseni inkumbulo nasekulawuleni ingqondo. Ukungasebenzi kahle kule ndawo kungaba nomthelela ebunzimeni bokukhumbula ulwazi nokwenza izinqumo, okuyizimpawu eziphawulekayo ze-AD.
Njengoba ikhono lalezi zifunda lokusebenzisa i-glucose ngempumelelo liyancipha, kanjalo namandla azo okwenza le misebenzi ebalulekile, okunomthelela omkhulu ekwehleni kwengqondo okubonwa ku-AD.
Kepha angifuni ukukunikeza umbono wokuthi yizindawo ezimbalwa zobuchopho eziba yi-hypometabolic esifo i-Alzheimer's.
Ku-Alzheimer's Disease, i-hypometabolism yobuchopho ayigcini endaweni eyodwa, kodwa kunalokho, ibonakala ngendlela eqhubekayo, ethinta izifunda ezihlukahlukene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi i-parietal lobe kanye ne-posterior cingulate cortex ziphakathi kwezifo zakuqala futhi ezithinteka kakhulu, njengoba lesi sifo siqhubeka, ezinye izindawo zobuchopho nazo zithola ukuncipha nokusetshenziswa kwe-glucose.
Ngokuphawulekayo, i-lobe yangaphambili, isihlalo sabaphathi bethu njengokwenza izinqumo, ukuxazulula izinkinga, nokulawula imizwa, ekugcineni iba yi-hypometabolic ezigabeni zakamuva zesifo. Lokhu kwehla kwe-metabolic ku-lobe yangaphambili kungaholela ekushintsheni kokuziphatha, ukwahlulela okungalungile, nobunzima ekwenzeni imisebenzi evamile.
Kodwa inkinga ye-hypometabolism yobuchopho ayigcini nje lapho.
Ebuchosheni be-AD, i-glucose hypometabolism
Kalani, K., Chaturvedi, P., Chaturvedi, P., Verma, VK, Lal, N., Awasthi, SK, & Kalani, A. (2023). Izindlela ze-Mitochondrial ku-Alzheimer's disease: ukufuna izindlela zokwelapha. Ukutholwa Kwezidakamizwa Namuhla, 103547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103547
ikakhulukazi kubalulwe ukwehla kwamandla e-metabolism ... okusho ukuthi ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-mitochondrial cishe kuzoba nengxenye ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-AD.
Esifo i-Alzheimer's, i-brain hypometabolism isakazeka ngobuqili ngale kwezindawo ezithintekile ekuqaleni, kancane kancane igubuzele cishe yonke i-cerebral cortex, ungqimba olungaphandle lobuchopho olunomsebenzi wemisebenzi esezingeni eliphezulu. Okubaluleke kakhulu i-lobe yesikhashana, ikhaya le-hippocampus—inkumbulo yobuchopho. Njengoba umsebenzi we-metabolic uncipha kulezi zifunda, izimpawu ezihlobene ne-Alzheimer's, njengokulahlekelwa inkumbulo, ziya ngokuya zibonakala. Ukusabalala kwalokhu kuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic kugcizelela ukubaluleka okubalulekile kokubhekana nalolu daba ngqo.
Ngokombhalo ovela kusizindalwazi se-National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), abacwaningi babone ukuncipha kokusetshenziswa kwe-glucose ezindaweni ezithile zobuchopho, okubonisa i-hypometabolism yobuchopho. Lesi simo senzeka okungenani iminyaka engu-15 (mhlawumbe engama-30) ngaphambi kokubonakala okwanele kwezimpawu ezihlobene nesifo i-Alzheimer's. Nakuba kunethuba lokusebenzisa ukucabanga kobuchopho kanye nokuhlaziywa koketshezi lomgogodla ukuhlola ubungozi besifo i-Alzheimer eminyakeni eyishumi noma ngaphezulu ngaphambi kokuvela okuvamile kwezimpawu, okuhlanganisa ukukhubazeka okuncane kwengqondo, ungalindeli udokotela wakho ukuthi anikeze leli zinga lokuhlola noma nini maduze. . Njengamanje, isikhungo sezokwelapha asizithathi kalula izimpawu zakho zokuqonda kusenesikhathi ukuze zinikeze zona.
Ngenhlanhla sinokudla kwe-ketogenic-ngokoqobo ukwelapha ubuchopho be-metabolic.
Ukunxenxa isimo se-ketosis kushintsha umthombo wamandla womzimba usuke ku-glucose uye kuma-acids anamafutha, ahlukaniswa abe imizimba ye-ketone, njenge-beta-hydroxybutyrate ne-acetoacetate.
Ikhono lemizimba ye-ketone lokuzinzisa i-metabolism yamandla e-mitochondrial lenza i-ejenti engenelelayo efanelekile.
Sridharan, B., & Lee, MJ (2022). Ukudla kwe-Ketogenic: Ukwakheka okuthembisayo kwe-neuroprotective yokuphatha izifo ze-Alzheimer kanye nezindlela zayo zokugula. Imithi Yamanje Yamangqamuzana, 22(7), i-640-656. https://doi.org/10.2174/1566524021666211004104703
Amabili alawa ma-ketone, i-beta-hydroxybutyrate ne-acetoacetate, asebenza kahle ngendlela exakile ekweqa ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-glucose metabolism ebuchosheni. Angathathwa ngokushesha nangempumelelo amangqamuzana obuchopho ukuze enze uphethiloli, ngaleyo ndlela avuselele ukunikezwa kwamandla kobuchopho.
Kokubili i-β-HB ne-acetoacetate bypass glycolysis ukunciphisa i-acetyl-CoA, engadluliselwa kumjikelezo we-Krebs, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ingakhuphula ukutholakala kwamandla ebuchosheni. Ku-AD, ukutholwa kwe-ketone yobuchopho akuphazamiseki, okwenza ama-KB abe omunye umthombo wamandla osebenzayo.
Zhu, H., Bi, D., Zhang, Y., Kong, C., Du, J., Wu, X., … & Qin, H. (2022). Ukudla kwe-Ketogenic kwezifo zabantu: izindlela eziyisisekelo kanye namandla okuqaliswa komtholampilo. Ukuguqulwa Kwesiginali kanye Nokwelashwa Okuhlosiwe, 7(1), i-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00831-w
Ingabe wonke lo muzwa ungokwetiyetha? Azikho izinkinga. Ngiyakukhuthaza ukuthi ubukele le vidiyo yobuchopho obukhanyisa amandla ngokoqobo ngemva kokufakwa kweyodwa yale mizimba ye-ketone ocwaningweni locwaningo.
Kodwa utshelwe ukuthi ubuchopho budinga i-glucose! Kuzokwenzekani kimi noma kothandekayo wami uma sisika ama-carbohydrate aphansi kangako? Ingqondo yakho yenza yonke i-glucose edingekayo emzimbeni wakho i-gluconeogenesis, okuhlinzeka ngayo ngenani elifanele kanye nohlelo. Eqinisweni, ukudla ama-carbohydrate amaningi kungase kusize ekudaleni inkinga ye-brain hypometabolism ukuqala.
Uma wena noma othandekayo wakho nikhawulela ukudla kwakho ama-carbohydrate isikhathi eside ngokwanele, umzimba uzosebenzisa kokubili amafutha okudla owadlayo kanye namafutha ashisa emzimbeni ukukhiqiza ama-ketone. Uma othile engondlekile noma enesisindo esiphansi, kusho ukuthi sinyusa ukudla kwamafutha ukuze sigcine amandla enyuka futhi sinciphise amandla anoma yikuphi ukuncipha kwesisindo.
I-β-Hydroxybutyrate (βOHB), umzimba we-ketone, i-oxidised njengamafutha obuchopho.
Achanta, LB, & Rae, CD (2017). I-β-Hydroxybutyrate ebuchosheni: i-molecule eyodwa, izindlela eziningi. Ucwaningo lwe-Neurochemical, 42, I-35-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-016-2099-2
Njengoba sikhuluma nge-metabolism yobuchopho namandla obuchopho, ngidinga ukuthi wazi ukuthi ukudla kwe-ketogenic akugcini nje ngokuhlenga amandla obuchopho ngokunikeza omunye umthombo wamafutha. Futhi ziyimizimba yezimpawu zamangqamuzana.
Futhi njengoba lokho kusebenza emandleni, kufanele wazi ukuthi bavula izindlela zofuzo ezivumela i-mitochondria (izitshalo zamandla zamaseli) ukuthi zidalwe futhi zivumela izindlu zamandla ezikhona (mitochondria) ukuthi zisebenze ngokuphumelelayo futhi zisebenze kangcono. Njengoba ungacabanga, lokhu kunemiphumela eminingi enenzuzo ezansi nokwelapha ebuchosheni obudonsa kanzima be-Alzheimer's obudonsa kanzima ngokukhiqiza amandla.
Ngokuqhubekayo, imizimba ye-ketone igcina i-mitochondria kanye nendima yayo ku-homeostasis yamandla eselula
Dilliraj, LN, Schiuma, G., Lara, D., Strazzabosco, G., Clement, J., Giovannini, P., … & Rizzo, R. (2022). Ukuvela kwe-ketosis: umthelela ongaba khona ezimeni zomtholampilo. Amakhemikhali, 14(17), i-3613. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173613
Futhi ubuhle bami, ngabe lo mphumela owodwa wokudla kwe-ketogenic okwazi ukulungisa i-hypometabolism yobuchopho ube unkulunkulu onjalo? Ingabe lo mphumela owodwa nje ubungeke ube yindlela yokwelapha engcono ngokwakho kuphela kunayo yonke imithi esiyisebenzisayo njengamanje njengezinga lokunakekela? Yebo! Bekuyoba njalo. Futhi bengizoshiya lesi sihloko ngaleso sikhathi futhi ngikuthumele endleleni yakho ebheke ekwelapheni kwakho (noma kwabathandekayo bakho). Kodwa empeleni kunemiphumela eyengeziwe ehlinzekwa yi-ketogenic diet ewusizo kakhulu ekubambeni noma ekumiseni ukuqhubeka kwesifo i-Alzheimer's. Ngifuna ubazi bonke.
Qhubeka ufunda.
I-Oxidative Stress ku-Alzheimer's Disease: Ukusebenzisa Amandla Ketogenic
Uma kucatshangelwa ukonakala kokusebenza kwe-mitochondrial kuwumshayeli we-oxidative stress (OS), akufanele kusimangaze ukuthi ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative kuyingxenye yalokho okushayela inqubo yesifo ku-Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Ngempela, ubufakazi obuningi buphakamisa ukuthi i-OS yenzeka ngaphambi kokuvela kwezimpawu ku-AD nokuthi umonakalo we-oxidative awutholakali ezindaweni zobuchopho ezisengozini kuphela kodwa nasezindaweni eziseceleni.
U-Sharma, C., & Kim, SR (2021). Ukuxhumanisa ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative kanye ne-proteinopathy ku-Alzheimer's disease. Antioxidants, 10(8), i-1231. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081231
Kulabo abasha kuleli gama, ingcindezi ye-oxidative ichaza ukungalingani okwenzeka emizimbeni yethu phakathi kwama-molecule ayingozi abizwa nge-reactive oxygen species (ROS) kanye nekhono lethu lokuzivikela kuwo. Awukwazi ukuphila futhi ungenzi i-ROS, njengoba iyingxenye evamile ye-metabolism, kodwa ebuchosheni be-Alzheimer, ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative kuphuma emashadini, futhi ukungakwazi kobuchopho ukulwa nakho kushayela ukuqhubekela phambili kwesifo, kubangela ukulimala kuma-neurons ethu, amaprotheni, kanye ne-DNA. Lo monakalo yilokho esibhekisela kukho njengengcindezi ye-oxidative. Kodwa i-oxidative stress ibukeka kanjani uma yenzeka ebuchosheni? Kubukeka sengathi i-lipid peroxidation kanye nokungasoleki kahle kwamaprotheni.
Abashayeli Be-Oxidative Stress ku-Alzheimer's
I-Lipid peroxidation ingenye yemiphumela evame kakhulu yokucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative. Ilimaza kakhulu ama-neurons ngoba ulwelwesi lwawo lwe-plasma luqukethe amanani aphezulu ama-polyunsaturated fatty acids. Amafutha e-Polyunsaturated fatty acids angenwa kalula yi-oxidation. Le nqubo ishintsha izakhiwo ze-membrane yeseli, ithinta ukugeleza kwayo, ukungena kwayo, kanye nokusebenza kwamaprotheni aboshwe ulwelwesi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imisebenzi ebalulekile ye-neuronal kanye nekhono lama-neuron ukuxhumana namanye.
I-protein oxidation iholela ekuguqulweni kwesakhiwo nokusebenza kwamaprotheni. Lokhu kungaphazamisa ukusebenza kwe-enzyme nokusebenza kwe-receptor, kuvimbele izinqubo ezivamile zama-neurons' zamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-metabolic.
Futhi yini esiyibonayo ebuchosheni be-Alzheimer, elwa nenani elikhulu lokucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative?
Ukucindezelwa kwe-oxidative kungakhuphula ukukhiqizwa nokunqwabelana kwe-amyloid-beta. Le peptide ingadala ingcindezi ye-oxidative ngokwayo, idale umjikelezo ononya womonakalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaprotheni kanye nama-lipids awonakele okwenziwe nge-oxidative athambekele ekubeni akhe ama-aggregates, okungase kubhebhethekise ukwakheka kwama-amyloid-beta plaques.
Indima yokucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative ibonakala futhi ku-hyperphosphorylation ye-tau, esinye isici se-Alzheimer's. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative, kukhona ukwanda kokusebenza kwama-kinases amaningana (ama-enzyme anezela amaqembu e-phosphate kwamanye amaprotheni), okungaholela ku-tau hyperphosphorylation. I-hyperphosphorylated tau ithambekele kakhulu ekuhlanganisweni, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwama-neurofibrillary tangles, olunye uphawu lwe-AD.
Ukwengeza, ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative kungaholela ekufeni kwe-neuronal ku-AD ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-apoptosis noma ukufa kweseli okuhleliwe. Ukuchayeka okungapheli ekucindezelekeni kwe-oxidative kungabangela le ndlela, okuholela ekulahlekeni kwama-neurons kanye nokuwohloka kwezimpawu zengqondo.
I-proteinopathy kanye nokukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwezinhlobo zomoya-mpilo osebenzayo (ROS), okuyizici eziyinhloko ezibonwa ebuchosheni be-Alzheimer's (AD), zifaka isandla ebuchosheni be-neuronal.
U-Sharma, C., & Kim, SR (2021). Ukuxhumanisa ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative kanye ne-proteinopathy ku-Alzheimer's disease. Antioxidants, 10(8), i-1231. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081231
Ake ngiphinde ngisho lokho, ngenye indlela, uma kwenzeka lokho akuzange kufinyelele ekhaya kuwe.
Ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative akugcini nje ukudlala indima yomuntu obukele isifo i-Alzheimer's. Lokhu akukhona nje ukuxhumana okuhlangene okutholakala emibhalweni yesayensi. Ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative ebuchosheni be-Alzheimer kungamandla anamandla futhi acashile aqhuba ukukhula nokuqhubeka kwesifo. Ukubusa kwayo okungahloliwe kubangela futhi kusheshise ukwehla kobuchopho, ngokungaphezi kubhebhethekise ukonakala okubonisa isifo i-Alzheimer's.
Ingcindezi ye-oxidative engahloliwe ishayela izehlakalo ze-neurochemical eziholela ekwakhekeni kwezimpawu zesici se-Alzheimer: ama-amyloid-beta plaque nama-tau tangles.
Kungani ingcindezi ye-oxidative ingahloliwe ebuchosheni be-Alzheimer? Ngoba imithi esiyikhiqizayo yesifo ayibuyeli kude ngokwanele ochungechungeni lwe-causation ukuze isinike noma yini esingathemba ngayo. Abawalungisi amandla obuchopho. Abakubheki ukunqwabelana kwengcindezi ye-oxidative efika ezimweni eziningi zesifo i-Alzheimer's kusukela ebunzimeni bamandla obuchopho.
Ngenhlanhla, sinokudla kwe-ketogenic esinakho ukusiza ukulwa nengcindezi ye-oxidative ebuchosheni besifo i-Alzheimer's.
Kodwa yiziphi izindlela lapho ukudla kwe-ketogenic kufeza lokhu?
Ukudla kwe-Ketogenic Yehlisa Ukucindezeleka Kwe-Oxidative
Okokuqala, ukwandisa amandla obuchopho kanye nokwenza ngcono inombolo ye-mitochondrial kanye nokusebenza okuyingxenye yokudla kwe-ketogenic, injabulo enkulu ukulwa nengcindezi ye-oxidative. Ama-Neurons adinga amandla okwenza umsebenzi oyisisekelo nokugcina amaseli endlini! Ingabe unekhono kangakanani ekwenzeni imisebenzi yakho yasekhaya noma umsebenzi ube ungenawo amandla? Ukukuhle kahle? Izinto ziyanqwabelana, futhi izinto azenziwanga kahle noma azenziwanga kahle? Impela. Ubuchopho bakho budinga ukuhlengwa kwamandla okwenzeka ekudleni kwe-ketogenic ukuze kugcinwe ingcindezi ye-oxidative futhi ilawule ibhalansi phakathi kokucindezeleka kwe-oxidative ne-ROS ebuchosheni.
I-β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), umzimba oyinhloko we-ketone okhiqizwa ngesikhathi se-ketosis, itholwe inezindawo zokulwa ne-antioxidant. Ukwehliswa kwe-ROS kufinyelelwa ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kochungechunge lwezokuthutha lwe-electron ku-mitochondria, ukunciphisa ukuvuza kwe-electron futhi, kamuva ukwakheka kwe-ROS. Ngokwehlisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-ROS jikelele, i-BHB inganciphisa ngokungaqondile umthwalo wokucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative.
Kodwa ukudla kwe-ketogenic kunezinye izindlela ezinamandla okusiza ngazo ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative. Izidlo ze-Ketogenic ziye zaboniswa ukuthi ziyakwazi ukukhulisa i-endogenous enamandla (eyenziwe emzimbeni wethu) i-antioxidant eyaziwa ngokuthi i-glutathione (GSH).
Ndawonye, imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi i-KD ilawula i-GSH biosynthesis, ithuthukisa isimo se-mitochondrial antioxidant, futhi ivikela i-mtDNA emonakalweni obangelwa yi-oxidant.
U-Jarrett, SG, Milder, JB, Liang, LP, & Patel, M. (2008). Ukudla kwe-ketogenic kwandisa amazinga e-mitochondrial glutathione. Ijenali ye-neurochemistry, 106(3), i-1044-1051. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05460.x
Ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwe-glutathione esikubona ekudleni kwe-ketogenic kungenzeka ngoba i-ketosis ikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-NADPH, i-coenzyme edlala indima ebalulekile ekuvuseleleni i-glutathione. Uma amaseli enokutholakala okwanele kwe-NADPH, angakwazi ukuguqula ngempumelelo i-oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ibuyele esimweni sayo esincishisiwe, esisebenzayo (GSH), ngaleyo ndlela igcine isivikelo esiqinile se-antioxidant.
… ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwama-antioxidant (isb. GSH) kanye ukuxoshwa ama-enzyme angase abe semqoka ekulamuleni imiphumela yokuvikela ye-KD.
U-Milder, J., & Patel, M. (2012). Ukuguqulwa kokucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative kanye nomsebenzi we-mitochondrial ngokudla kwe-ketogenic. Ucwaningo lwesithuthwane, 100(3), i-295-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.09.021
Ngokusekela ukukhiqizwa nokuvuselelwa kwe-glutathione, i-BHB isiza ukugcina ichibi le-glutathione esebenzayo, encishisiwe elungele ukwenza i-ROS ingathathi hlangothi futhi inciphise ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative ngokubonisa izakhiwo zayo ezizimele ze-antioxidant. Lobu budlelwano be-symbiotic phakathi kwe-BHB ne-glutathione busebenza ukuqinisa izivikelo ze-antioxidant, ezibaluleke kakhulu ebuchosheni lapho ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative kungaba nemiphumela elimazayo.
Kungani singeke sisebenzise ukudla kwe-ketogenic njengesivikelo somugqa wokuqala ngokumelene nokucekeleka phansi kwe-oxidative? Kungani lokhu kungeke kube indlela yokwelapha enamandla yokuzikhethela, ikakhulukazi phakathi komongo wemiphumela edabukisayo enganele ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwesifo i-Alzheimer enikezwa njengezinga lethu lamanje lokunakekela?
Ukuqongelela izifundo ze-preclinical kanye nezomtholampilo zibonise ukuthi i-KD inenzuzo ku-AD. Izindlela eziyisisekelo ezingaba khona zifaka ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kwe-mitochondrial, ukwenziwa kahle kokwakheka kwe-gut microbiota, nokuncipha kwe-neuroinflammation kanye nengcindezi ye-oxidative.
Xu, Y., Zheng, F., Zhong, Q., & Zhu, Y. (2023). I-Ketogenic Diet Njengokungeniswa Okungezona Izidakamizwa Okuthembisayo Kwesifo Se-Alzheimer: Izindlela kanye Nemiphumela Yomtholampilo. I-Journal yezifo ze-Alzheimer, (Ukunyatheliswa kwangaphambili), 1-26. https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad230002
Bekungeke yini ukuhlenga amandla obuchopho ngomunye umthombo kaphethiloli, ukwanda kwe-mitochondrial biogenesis, kanye nezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe ze-antioxidant ukuze kuncishiswe ingcindezi ye-oxidative kwanele ukuqoka lokhu kwelashwa kobuchopho njengokwelashwa konyaka kokuwohloka komqondo? Kungaba njalo. Kodwa kholwa noma ungakholwa, kunemiphumela eminingi ye-pleiotropic yokudla kwe-ketogenic ozofuna ukwazi ngayo.
Ukungalingani kwe-Neurotransmitter ku-Alzheimer's: The Keto Effect
Imithi engenelela kuphela ebhalansi ye-neurotransmitter kanye nezinga lokusebenza, ngokusobala, ishoda ihlathi lezihlahla. Bagxile emkhiqizweni wokugcina wenqubo ende, egelezayo ngaphandle kokubhekana nokungasebenzi kahle komfula ku-mitochondria, i-metabolism, kanye nokulawulwa kwengcindezi ye-oxidative ebhebhezela ukuqhubekela phambili kwe-pathological maqondana nesifo i-Alzheimer's. Kodwa ungase ube nelukuluku lokwazi ukuthi ukudla okune-ketogenic kungasiza kanjani ngezinkinga ze-neurotransmitter esizibona zithuthuka ku-Alzheimer's, ngakho-ke asiqhubeke nokufunda!
Ngakho-ke ake sibuyele emuva ekubuyekezeni ubuze bemithi egxile ezinkingeni ze-neurotransmitter ezibonwa isifo i-Alzheimer's kodwa futhi siqhubekele phambili ekuqondeni kwethu ukuthi ukudla kwe-ketogenic kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokubhekana nazo uma sezenzekile.
Gcina isibambo ku-Glutamate yakho
Khumbula kusukela ekufundeni kwakho ngaphambilini kulokhu okuthunyelwe ukuthi abaphikisi be-NMDA receptor abafana ne-Memantine (Namenda) izidakamizwa ezinqunywe ngomzamo wokulawula umsebenzi we-glutamate. Kwenzeka kanjalo nje ukudla kwe-ketogenic kunemiphumela enamandla ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi.
Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi i-acetone ne-β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) zisebenza njenge-glutamate inhibitors ku-NMDA receptor, igqamisa ngokukhethekile umsebenzi ovezwe yi-βHB.
I-Pflanz, NC, Daszkowski, AW, James, KA, & Mihic, SJ (2019). I-Ketone body modulation yamashaneli e-ion ane-ligand-gated. I-Neuropharmacology, 148, I-21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.013
Kungani singeke sisebenzise ukudla okune-ketogenic ngale njongo futhi sigweme imiphumela emibi yesiyezi, ikhanda elibuhlungu, nokudideka okuyingxenye yale mithi?
I-KD ingahlinzeka ngezinzuzo zokwelapha ezigulini ezinezinkinga zezinzwa ngokulawula ngempumelelo ibhalansi phakathi kwezinqubo ze-pro- and antioxidant kanye nama-neurotransmitters ane-pro-excitatory kanye ne-inhibitory.
Pietrzak, D., Kasperek, K., Rękawek, P., & Piątkowska-Chmiel, I. (2022). Indima yokwelapha yokudla kwe-ketogenic ezinkingeni ze-neurological. Amakhemikhali, 14(9), i-1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091952
Ukudla kwe-Ketogenic Modulate GABA
Akukhona konke mayelana nokunciphisa amazinga anobuthi we-glutamate, noma kunjalo. Kudingeka kube nebhalansi phakathi kwe-excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate kanye ne-inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Omunye wemiphumela eyinhloko yokudla kwe-ketogenic kumakhemikhali obuchopho uhilela (i-GABA), i-neurotransmitter eyinhloko evimbela ebuchosheni. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi imizimba ye-ketone ingakhuphula ukukhiqizwa kobuchopho kwe-GABA. Lokhu kuhlobene nesifo i-Alzheimer's ngoba ukusayinda kwe-GABAergic kuvame ukuphazamiseka ezigulini ze-Alzheimer, futhi ukuthuthukisa ithoni ye-GABAergic kungasiza ukubuyisela ibhalansi kumanethiwekhi emizwa aphazanyiswa yisifo.
Lokhu kubangela ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwe-ATP kanye nezinguquko ekuhlanganiseni kwe-β-aminobutyric acid (i-GABA: i-neurotransmitter enamandla kakhulu evimbelayo) kanye ne-glutamate (i-neurotransmitter enkulu ejabulisayo).
Murakami, M., & Tognini, P. (2022). Izindlela zamangqamuzana ezingaphansi kwezakhiwo ze-bioactive zokudla kwe-ketogenic. Amakhemikhali, 14(4), i-782. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040782
Futhi, khumbula ukuthi esingenisweni, sixoxe ngokusetshenziswa kwekilasi lemithi elaziwa ngokuthi ama-Cholinesterase inhibitors. Inhloso yale mithi kwakuwukunciphisa ukuwohloka kwe-acetylcholine, i-neurotransmitter evame ukuphela ezigulini ze-Alzheimer's.
Kodwa kuthiwani nge-Acetylcholine?
I-Acetylcholine iyi-neurotransmitter edlala indima ebalulekile ekukhumbuleni nasekufundeni futhi inciphe kakhulu esifweni i-Alzheimer's. Nakuba ukudla kwe-ketogenic kungakhulisi ngokuqondile amazinga e-acetylcholine, kusekela impilo yobuchopho ngendlela esiza ukulondoloza umsebenzi we-acetylcholine. Ngokunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative nokusekela umsebenzi we-mitochondrial, ukudla kwe-ketogenic kuvikela ama-cholinergic neurons (ama-neurons asebenzisa i-acetylcholine ukudlulisa amasignali) emonakalweni.
Ngakho-ke ngokwazi ukuthi ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative kanye ne-mitochondria eyonakele kungalimaza ukukhululwa kwe-acetylcholine kanye nama-receptors, kuthiwani mayelana nokuthi sithuthukise ngokubonakalayo umsebenzi we-mitochondrial futhi sinciphise ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezinamandla ezitholakala ekudleni kwe-ketogenic? Ngiyasola ukuthi singase sibone amazinga e-acetylcholine athuthukisiwe ezigulini ze-Alzheimer ngaphandle kwemiphumela engemihle evamile yokucanuzela kwenhliziyo, ukuhlanza, nesifo sohudo.
Ukunciphisa I-Neuroinflammation ku-Alzheimer's Disease: Therapeutic Impact of Ketosis
I-Neuroinflammation kwenzeka lapho amasosha akho omzimba ezama ukuvikela ubuchopho bakho ekuthelelekeni, ekulimaleni, noma ekuqongeleleni okungajwayelekile kwamaprotheni. Lapho impendulo yokuzivikela komzimba iqala ebuchosheni, ama-microglia nama-astrocyte ahlasela usongo. Futhi njengoba behlasela usongo, bakhipha futhi bakhulule inqwaba yama-cytokine avuthayo. Futhi njengasekulweni kwezibhamu, ezinye izinhlamvu zizondiza ngendlela engaqondile, futhi kuzokwenzeka umonakalo othile.
Uma amazinga akho okucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative elawulwa kahle, ubuchopho bungakha kabusha futhi bulungise kusukela kule nqubo; uma kungenjalo, akunjalo. Futhi ngale ndlela, i-neuroinflammation isiza ukushayela izinqubo ze-neurodegenerative.
Lapho ukuvuvukala kwe-neuroinflammation kuba okungamahlalakhona futhi kungayekethisi, kuzoshintsha ngokoqobo indlela la ma-microglia aziphatha ngayo (i-morphology) futhi kubenze "bavuse injabulo" futhi babe nolaka ekuziphatheni kwabo mayelana nokubhekana nokuhlasela. Uma ikulesi simo sokusebenza ngokweqile, i-microglia izoqala ukudla futhi ibhubhise ama-neurons abegula kuphela futhi abengasindiswa!
Ungacabanga ukuthi isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni esingasebenzi kahle, umgoqo wegazi nobuchopho ophukile (BBB) ongakwazi ukuvikela ubuchopho, noma amazinga aphezulu okucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative ngenxa ye-glucose hypometabolism (amandla obuchopho ampofu) noma ukuntuleka kwe-micronutrient konke kungaqhuba ukugeleza okunganqamuki kwe-neuroinflammation. . Futhi ngokumangazayo, kungaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni nasekuqhubekeleni phambili kwezifo ze-neurodeergenerative, okuhlanganisa nesifo i-Alzheimer's.
I-Neuroinflammation ingesinye sezici ezibalulekile zesifo i-Alzheimer's.
Thakur, S., Dhapola, R., Sarma, P., Medhi, B., & Reddy, DH (2023). I-Neuroinflammation ku-Alzheimer's disease: inqubekelaphambili yamanje ekuboniseni amangqamuzana kanye nokwelapha. Ukuvuvukala, 46(1), i-1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-022-01721-1
Uma usazizwa udidekile kancane mayelana nomehluko phakathi kwe-neuroinflammation kanye ne-oxidative stress nokuthi zihlobene kanjani, ungathola lesi sihloko esingezansi siwusizo.
Ngaphambi kokuthi singene ezindleleni lapho ukudla kwe-ketogenic kunciphisa i-neuroinflammation, ake sibuyekeze ukuqonda kwethu kuze kube manje.
Ama-ketones aphehla ubuchopho futhi ahlenge amandla obuchopho. Uma ubuchopho bulambele amandla, buba nengcindezi futhi bujabulise. Ingcindezi ye-oxidative idlula ophahleni, futhi ama-micronutrients ayaphela ukuzama ukugcina izinto zisesimweni. Ama-neurotransmitters aba nokulinganisela (kanye ne-neurotoxic ekungalinganini kwawo; khumbula i-Glutamate?), futhi ama-neurotransmitter receptors awo ayaphuka futhi aphazamise izindlela zokuxhumana ezidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe futhi kusebenze. I-Neuroinflammation iyenzeka futhi ikhiqizwa nge-loop yempendulo engami futhi ifinyelela esimweni esingamahlalakhona ebuchosheni.
Siphinde safunda ukuthi imizimba ye-ketone ingakhuphula amandla e-antioxidant yobuchopho ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile. Futhi uma lokho kwakunjalo, ngabe izinzuzo zokudla kwe-ketogenic zamiswa? Uma lokho “kwakuyikho konke” ukudla okune-ketogenic kunganikeza inqubo yobuchopho ye-neurodeergenerative njengesifo i-Alzheimer's, bekungeke yini kwanele lokho? Besingeke yini sivele sikhululeke kangangokuba kube nokuthile okusiza zonke lezo zinqubo zezifo zithuthuke?
Singathanda! Futhi thina! Kodwa lezo akuzona kuphela izindlela lapho ukudla kwe-ketogenic kusiza ukulwa ne-neuroinflammation. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kungase kuphelele lapho. Kodwa ngifuna ngempela ukuthi uqonde ubuningi bemiphumela ye-pleiotropic ukudla kwe-ketogenic enakho empilweni yobuchopho, ngakho ekugcineni ngingakuthola emakhanda awo wonke umuntu ukuthi asinayo imithi eyenza ngisho nengxenye yalokhu!
I-Taming Microglia: Inzuzo Engabonakali Yezinzwa Ze-Ketogenic Diet
Njengoba kuxoxiwe ngaphambili, amaseli e-microglial adlala indima ebalulekile ku-neuroinflammation.
I-Neuroinflammation ihlotshaniswa nokusebenza kwe-microglia kanye nokukhululwa okwandisiwe kwezici ezivuthayo ezifana ne-tumor necrosis factor (TNF), i-interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6) nama-radicals mahhala, okungabangela ukungasebenzi okuqhubekayo noma ukufa kweseli ebuchosheni.
Pietrzak, D., Kasperek, K., Rękawek, P., & Piątkowska-Chmiel, I. (2022). Indima Yokwelapha Yokudla Kwe-Ketogenic Ezinkinga Zezinzwa. Izakhamzimba, 14(9), 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091952
I-Keto: I-Master Regulator ye-Inflammatory Pathways
Kunezindlela eziningi ezihlukene lapho ukudla okune-ketogenic kulwa nokuvuvukala, futhi imiphumela yayo njengomzimba wamangqamuzana obonisa izindlela ezihlukene zokuvuvukala ngempela ingenye ehlaba umxhwele kunazo zonke!
Imiphumela ye-Ketogenic diet ku-NLRP3 inflammasome
Okokuqala, i-BHB (enye yalezo zidumbu ze-ketone ezenziwe ekudleni kwe-ketogenic) ivimbela into ebizwa ngokuthi i-NLRP3 inflammasome. Lena iprotheyini eyinkimbinkimbi edlala indima ebalulekile ekuphenduleni kwamasosha omzimba nokuvuvukala. Uma icushiwe yi-microglia nezinye izinhlobo zamangqamuzana, iqala ukukhululwa kwama-cytokines ane-pro-inflammatory afana ne-IL-1β ne-IL-18, afaka isandla ezinkambisweni zokuvuvukala emzimbeni.
Izidlo ze-Ketogenic zidlala indima ekuvimbeleni le nqubo. Ngokuvimbela i-NLRP3 inflammasome, i-BHB isiza ukunciphisa ukukhululwa kwama-cytokines ane-pro-inflammatory futhi idambise impendulo yokuvuvukala.
Kuphethwe ukuthi I-KD ivimbele ukusabela kokuvuvukala kwe-OA nge-NLRP3 inflammasome, ngaleyo ndlela ivikela i-articular cartilage. I-inflammasome iyinkimbinkimbi yamaprotheni etholakala ku-cytoplasm, futhi ihileleke ekulawuleni impendulo yokuvuvukala.
Kong, G., Wang, J., Li, R., Huang, Z., & Wang, L. (2022). Ukudla kwe-Ketogenic kunciphisa ukuvuvukala ngokuvimbela i-NLRP3 inflammasome ku-osteoarthritis. Ucwaningo nokwelashwa kwesifo sokuqaqamba kwamalunga, 24(1), i-113. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-022-02802-0
I-BHB ingavimbela i-NLRP3 inflammasome ngezindlela eziningi. Ivimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-NLRP3 inflammasome complex, ivimbela ukusebenza kwayo. Ivimbela ukukhiqizwa kwe-cytokines e-pro-inflammatory efana ne-IL-1β ngokunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-inflammasome. Futhi ingakwazi ukulinganisa umsebenzi we-transcription factor NF-κB, elawula ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ekuvuvukeni.
Ake sifunde lowo musho wokugcina futhi. Ilawula ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ekuvuvukeni. Ngibonise umuthi wasekhemisi we-Alzheimer's owenza lokho ngempumelelo.
Okhiye be-Ketogenic ku-HCA2
Enye indima edlalwa i-beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), i-ketone ekhiqizwa ekudleni kwe-ketogenic, ukusebenzisana kwayo ne-receptor ebizwa ngokuthi i-Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 2 (HCA2) noma i-G-protein ehlanganisiwe ye-receptor 109A (GPR109A). Lo mzimba we-ketone ubopha futhi wenze kusebenze i-HCA2 futhi ithumela isignali ngaphakathi kweseli ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala.
Manje, ake sikhulume ngama-prostaglandin. I-Prostaglandin ingamakhemikhali emizimbeni yethu adlala indima ekuvuvukeni. Benza njengezithunywa ezihambisa amasignali ezitokisini, ezitshela ukuthi zivuvukele. I-BHB inciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwalawa ma-prostaglandin. Lapho i-BHB yenza kusebenze i-HCA2, ithumela isignali kumaseli ukuthi ayeke ukuthumela leyo miyalezo yombhalo evuthayo. Ngamanye amazwi, i-BHB isebenza njengenkinobho "yokuthulisa" yamaseli, iwavimbela ekukhipheni imilayezo eminingi ekhuthaza ukuvuvukala.
Ngokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-prostaglandin nokunciphisa impendulo yokuvuvukala, i-BHB isiza ukulawula ukuvuvukala emzimbeni. Lena yindlela eyodwa yokudla kwe-ketogenic, ngokukhiqizwa kwayo okwandisiwe kwe-BHB, kungaba nemiphumela elwa nokuvuvukala.
Ukudla Kwe-Ketogenic: I-Gut-Brain Axis Transformer Yokulwa Nokuvuvukala
I-gut microbiome kucatshangwa ukuthi inomthelela ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwesifo i-Alzheimer's. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukwenza lokhu ngokukhiqizwa kwe-microbiome yama-metabolites, imiphumela kuma-neurotransmitters, ukuguqulwa kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni kanye nokuvuvukala, kanye nemiphumela engaba khona ekuthembekeni kwesithiyo sobuchopho-gazi (BBB).
Iqhaza le-gut microbiota kanye ne-GMBA [gut microbiota-brain axis] ku-AD ibaluleke kakhulu. Ukwakheka kwebhaktheriya yamathumbu kuthinta kakhulu noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa okuhlobene neminyaka, okufana ne-AD, nokuphazamiseka kwemizwa.
Varesi, A., Pierella, E., Romeo, M., Piccini, GB, Alfano, C., Bjørklund, G., Oppong, A., Ricevuti, G., Esposito, C., Chirumbolo, S., & U-Pascale, A. (2022). Indima engaba khona ye-Gut Microbiota ku-Alzheimer's Disease: Ukusuka Ekuxilongeni kuya Ekwelashweni. Amakhemikhali, 14(3), i-668. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030668
Ukudla kwe-ketogenic kuholela ezinguqukweni ezibalulekile ku-gut microbiome. Ikhuthaza ukukhula kwamabhaktheriya anenzuzo ngenkathi inciphisa ukuchichima kwamagciwane angaba yingozi. Lokhu kushintsha kokwakheka kwe-microbial kubonakala kunomthelela ekusebenzeni kobuchopho kanye nokuvuvukala nge-axis yobuchopho be-gut-brain kakhulu.
Kungani? Ngoba i-gut microbiome ikhiqiza ama-metabolite ahlukahlukene kanye nama-molecule akhombisayo angaxhumana nohlelo lwezinzwa. Lawa ma-molecule angathinta ngokuqondile ukusebenza kobuchopho futhi aguqule izinqubo zokuvuvukala. Amandla okudla kwe-ketogenic okunciphisa ukuvuvukala angalamula, okungenani ngokwengxenye, ngomthelela wako ku-gut microbiota. Kungenye indlela lapho ukudla okune-ketogenic kusiza ukulwa ne-neuroinflammation futhi kulungise inqubo eyodwa yesifo ebonwa ekuwohlokeni komqondo kwe-Alzheimer.
Kungani singeke sisebenzise ukungenelela okukhuthaza isimo esinempilo sokuvuvukala ebuchosheni kumuntu ohlushwa inqubo ye-neurodegenerative efana nesifo i-Alzheimer's?
Ukwakhiwa kwe-microbiota kungase kube nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kanye nokuvinjelwa kokuqhubeka kwesifo, futhi kungase kubonise elinye isu lokwelapha elingaba khona lokuphazamiseka kwemizwa.
Pietrzak, D., Kasperek, K., Rękawek, P., & Piątkowska-Chmiel, I. (2022). Indima yokwelapha yokudla kwe-ketogenic ezinkingeni ze-neurological. Amakhemikhali, 14(9), i-1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091952
Uma ufuna ukuqonda imiphumela yokudla kwe-ketogenic kwezinye izici ezihlobene ne-microbiome okuxoxwe ngayo kulesi sigaba, sicela ubheke lezi zihloko ezengeziwe ngezansi ngaphambi kokudlulela esiphethweni.
Ekuphetheni: Isifo I-Alzheimer kanye Nendima Ebalulekile Yokudla Kwe-Ketogenic
Ngakho ingabe ukudla kwe-ketogenic kuzolungisa zonke izindlela eziyisisekelo ze-pathological eziyingxenye yabathandekayo bakho (noma bakho) ukwehla kwengqondo? Kungenzeka. Kodwa mhlawumbe akunjalo. Uma ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative kuqhutshwa nakakhulu umthwalo wensimbi esindayo, ukuchayeka ebusheni besikhunta, izifo ezifihliwe, noma ezinye izici ezihlukahlukene, cishe uzofuna noma udinga usizo olwengeziwe. Ukuqhubekela phambili kwesifo kungase kushukunyiswe amazinga anganele noma antula ama-micronutrients abalulekile okudingeka i-mitochondria ukuze ichume.
Kunezici ezihlukene zokushayela zesifo i-Alzheimer kanye nama-phenotypes ahlukene. Inhloso yalesi sihloko akukhona ukuphikisana noma ukuphikisana ngokuthi ukudla kwe-ketogenic kuzolungisa zonke izindlela eziyisisekelo ze-pathological eziyingxenye yokuqhubeka kwesifo esithile sanoma ubani.
Iphuzu nenjongo yalesi sihloko ukukukhomba ukuthi ukudla kwe-ketogenic kuyindlela yokwelashwa ebanzi kakhulu futhi ene-neuroprotective esinayo. Ukuxhumana nawe ngokuphumelelayo ukuthi uma noma yini enethuba lokumisa noma ukunciphisa ukuqhubeka kwesifo i-Alzheimer ngokusebenzisa izindlela eziningi ezihambisanayo, ngokungananazi, ukudla kwe-ketogenic.
Futhi ekugcineni, lesi sihloko sabhalelwa ngethemba ukuqeda umbono oyiphutha wokuthi ukwelashwa okunqunywe udokotela wakho wezinzwa kumelele okuwukuphela kwezindlela zokubhekana nalokho okuvezwe ngokungalungile njengesibikezelo esibi nesingenakuhlehliswa. Angiqiniseki ukuthi kunjalo lapho lezi zici eziyisisekelo ezichazwe kulokhu okuthunyelwe zinikezwa ukufinyelela ekungeneleleni okunamandla njengokudla kwe-ketogenic. Okungenani, ezimweni eziningi, ngicabanga ukuthi ukwehla kokuqhubeka kungenzeka.
Ungahlali nje ungenzi lutho, ulinde ochwepheshe bezokunakekelwa kwempilo ukuthi bahambisane nesivinini sokutholwa kwesayensi kuyilapho ubuchopho bakho noma othandekayo wakho eqhubeka nokuwohloka kwemizwa kuze kube sekupheleni.
Ungasebenza nodokotela wezokudla oqeqeshwe yi-ketogenic noma isazi sokudla ukuze ubasize (noma wena ngokwakho). Uma une-Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma i-Alzheimer's yesigaba sakamuva futhi unokusekelwa ngumnakekeli, ungathola ukwesekwa nokuzuza uhlelo lwami lwe-inthanethi.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unquma ukuya kuphi ukuze uthole usizo, ungalindi.
Ngilapha ukuzokutshela ukuthi akekho ozokuhlenga noma othandekayo wakho emihlathini yokuwohloka komqondo. Isenzo sokuqalisa ukudla kwe-ketogenic siyenzeka, futhi kunokwesekwa okuningi laphaya.
Ngikuthumela uthando ohambweni lwakho.
Uma ufuna ulwazi mayelana nama-ketones angaphandle ungathola izihloko ezilandelayo ziwusizo.
Okubhekwayo
Achanta, LB, & Rae, CD (2017). I-β-Hydroxybutyrate ebuchosheni: I-Molecule eyodwa, Izindlela Eziningi. Ucwaningo lwe-Neurochemical, 42(1), i-35-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-016-2099-2
Almulla, AF, Supasitthumrong, T., Amrapala, A., Tunvirachaisakul, C., Jaleel, A.-KKA, Oxenkrug, G., Al-Hakeim, HK, & Maes, M. (2022). I-Tryptophan Catabolite noma i-Kynurenine Pathway ku-Alzheimer's Disease: Ukubuyekezwa Okuhlelekile kanye Nokuhlaziywa Kwe-Meta. I-Journal yezifo ze-Alzheimer, 88(4), i-1325-1339. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-220295
Altayyar, M., Nasser, JA, Thomopoulos, D., & Bruneau, M. (2022). Umthelela we-Physiological Ketosis ku-Brain Cognitive: Ukubuyekezwa Okulandisayo. Amakhemikhali, 14(3), Isigaba 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030513
U-Alves, F., Kalinowski, P., & Ayton, S. (2023). Ukulahleka Kwevolumu Yobuchopho Okusheshayo Okubangelwa Izidakamizwa Eziphikisana Ne-β-Amyloid: Ukubuyekezwa Okuhlelekile Nokuhlaziywa Kwe-Meta. Neurology, 100(20), e2114-e2124. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000207156
Izimpawu Ze-Alzheimer: Izinguquko Zobuchopho. (nd). Ibuyiswe ngoMeyi 21, 2023, kusukela https://www.healthline.com/health-news/can-alzheimers-be-detected-30-years-before-it-appears
U-Ardanaz, CG, Ramírez, MJ, & Solas, M. (2022). Izinguquko ze-Metabolic Brain ku-Alzheimer's Disease. I-International Journal of Sciences Molecular, 23(7), Isigaba 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073785
Bohnen, JLB, Albin, RL, & Bohnen, NI (2023). Ukungenelela kwe-Ketogenic ekukhubazekeni kwengqondo okuncane, isifo i-Alzheimer's, nesifo sika-Parkinson: Ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile nokuhlola okubalulekile. Frontiers e-Neurology, 14, 1123290. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1123290
Costantini, LC, Barr, LJ, Vogel, JL, & Henderson, ST (2008). I-Hypometabolism njengendlela yokwelapha isifo i-Alzheimer's. I-BMC Neuroscience, 9(Okungeziwe 2), S16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-9-S2-S16
Croteau, E., Castellano, CA, Fortier, M., Bocti, C., Fulop, T., Paquet, N., & Cunnane, SC (2018). Ukuqhathaniswa kwezingxenye ezihlukene ze-glucose yobuchopho kanye ne-ketone metabolism kubantu abadala abanempilo ngokwengqondo, ukukhubazeka okuncane kwengqondo kanye nesifo se-Alzheimer's ekuqaleni. I-Gerontology yokuhlola, 107, 18-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2017.07.004
Cullingford, TE (2004). Ukudla kwe-ketogenic; ama-fatty acids, ama-fatty acid-activated receptors kanye nokuphazamiseka kwemizwa. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes kanye Essential Fatty Acids, 70(3), i-253-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2003.09.008
Cunnane, S., Nugent, S., Roy, M., Courchesne-Loyer, A., Croteau, E., Tremblay, S., Castellano, A., Pifferi, F., Bocti, C., Paquet, N ., Begdouri, H., Bentourkia, M., Turcotte, E., Allard, M., Barberger-Gateau, P., Fulop, T., & Rapoport, S. (2011). I-BRAIN FUEL METABOLISM, UKUGUGA KANYE NESIFO SE-ALZHEIMER. Ukudla okunomsoco (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 27(1), i-3-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2010.07.021
Dilliraj, LN, Schiuma, G., Lara, D., Strazzabosco, G., Clement, J., Giovannini, P., Trapella, C., Narducci, M., & Rizzo, R. (2022). Ukuvela Kwe-Ketosis: Umthelela Ongaba Khona Ezimweni Zomtholampilo. Amakhemikhali, 14(17), Isigaba 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173613
I-Gano, LB, Patel, M., & Rho, JM (2014). Ukudla kwe-Ketogenic, i-mitochondria, nezifo zezinzwa. Ijenali yocwaningo lweLipid, 55(11), i-2211-2228. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R048975
Gómora-García, JC, Montiel, T., Hüttenrauch, M., Salcido-Gómez, A., García-Velázquez, L., Ramiro-Cortés, Y., Gomora, JC, Castro-Obregón, S., & Massieu , L. (2023). Umphumela Womzimba We-Ketone, i-D-β-Hydroxybutyrate, ku-Sirtuin2-Mediated Regulation of Mitochondrial Quality Control kanye ne-Autophagy-Lysosomal Pathway. Amaseli, 12(3), Isigaba 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12030486
Grammatikopoulou, MG, Goulis, DG, Gkiouras, K., Theodoridis, X., Gkouskou, KK, Evangeliou, A., Dardiotis, E., & Bogdanos, DP (2020). Ku-Keto noma Cha ku-Keto? Ukubuyekezwa Okuhlelekile Kwezilingo Ezilawulwa Ngokungahleliwe ezihlola imiphumela ye-Ketogenic Therapy on Alzheimer Disease. Intuthuko Kwezokudla, 11(6), i-1583-1602. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa073
Jarrett, SG, Milder, JB, Liang, L.-P., & Patel, M. (2008). Ukudla kwe-ketogenic kwandisa amazinga e-mitochondrial glutathione. I-Journal ye-Neurochemistry, 106(3), i-1044-1051. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05460.x
Jiang, Z., Yin, X., Wang, M., Chen, T., Wang, Y., Gao, Z., & Wang, Z. (2022). Imiphumela ye-Ketogenic Diet ku-Neuroinflammation ku-Neurodegenerative Diseases. Ukuguga Nezifo, 13(4), i-1146. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2021.1217
Kalani, K., Chaturvedi, P., Chaturvedi, P., Kumar Verma, V., Lal, N., Awasthi, SK, & Kalani, A. (2023). Izindlela ze-Mitochondrial ku-Alzheimer's disease: Ukufuna izindlela zokwelapha. Ukutholwa Kwezidakamizwa Namuhla, 28(5), i-103547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103547
Kashiwaya, Y., Takeshima, T., Mori, N., Nakashima, K., Clarke, K., & Veech, RL (2000). I-D-β-Hydroxybutyrate ivikela ama-neurons kumamodeli e-Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Izinqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences, 97(10), i-5440-5444. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.10.5440
Ukudla kwe-Ketogenic kuthuthukisa ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kanye neuroinflammation kumodeli yegundane yesifo i-Alzheimer's—Xu—2022—CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics—Wiley Online Library. (nd). Ibuyiswe ngoMeyi 24, 2023, kusukela https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cns.13779
Koh, S., Dupuis, N., & Auvin, S. (2020). Ukudla kwe-Ketogenic kanye Neuroinflammation. Ucwaningo Lwesithuthwane, 167, 106454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106454
Kong, G., Wang, J., Li, R., Huang, Z., & Wang, L. (2022). Ukudla kwe-Ketogenic kunciphisa ukuvuvukala ngokuvimbela i-NLRP3 inflammasome ku-osteoarthritis. Ucwaningo Nokwelashwa Kwesifo Samathambo, 24, 113. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-022-02802-0
Kumar, A., Sharma, M., Su, Y., Singh, S., Hsu, F.-C., Neth, BJ, Register, TC, Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., Craft, S. , & Deep, G. (2022). Ama-vesicles amancane e-extracellular ku-plasma aveza imiphumela yamangqamuzana okudla okuguquliwe kweMedithera-ketogenic kubahlanganyeli abanokukhubazeka okuncane kwengqondo. Ukuxhumana Kwengqondo, 4(6), fca262. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcac262
U-Lilamand, M., Mouton-Liger, F., & Paquet, C. (2021). Ukwelashwa kokudla kwe-Ketogenic ku-Alzheimer's disease: Ukubuyekezwa okubuyekeziwe. Umbono wamanje Kokudla Komtholampilo Nokunakekelwa Kwe-Metabolic, Shicilela Ngaphambi Kokuphrinta. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000759
Macdonald, R., Barnes, K., Hastings, C., & Mortiboys, H. (2018). Ukungajwayelekile kwe-Mitochondrial ku-Parkinson's disease kanye nesifo i-Alzheimer's: Ingabe i-mitochondria ingaqondiswa ngokwelashwa? I-Biochemical Society Transactions, 46(4), i-891-909. https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20170501
Menzelou, M.; Dakanalis, A.; Vasios, GK; Gialeli, M.; Papadopoulou, SK; Giaginis, C. Ubudlelwane Bokudla Kwe-Ketogenic Nezifo Ze-Neurodegenerative kanye Nezifo Zengqondo: Ukubuyekezwa KweSikophu kusukela kuCwaningo Oluyisisekelo kuya Ekuqeqesheni Ukwelapha. Amakhemikhali 2023, 15, 2270. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102270
U-Milder, J., & Patel, M. (2012). Ukuguqulwa kokucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative kanye nomsebenzi we-mitochondrial ngokudla kwe-ketogenic. Ucwaningo Lwesithuthwane, 100(3), i-295-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.09.021
Ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-Mitochondrial kuma-pathologies abantu | DIGITAL.CSIC. (nd). Ibuyiswe ngoMeyi 24, 2023, kusukela https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/152309
Murakami, M., & Tognini, P. (2022). Izindlela ze-Molecular Underlying the Bioactive Properties of a Ketogenic Diet. Amakhemikhali, 14(4), Isigaba 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040782
Napolitano, A., Longo, D., Lucignani, M., Pasquini, L., Rossi-Espagnet, MC, Lucignani, G., Maiorana, A., Elia, D., De Liso, P., Dionisi-Vici , C., & Cusmai, R. (2020). Ukudla Kwe-Ketogenic Kwenyuka Kumazinga E-Vivo Glutathione Ezigulini Ezinesifo Sokuthuthumela. Ama-Metabolites, 10(12), Isigaba 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10120504
I-Pflanz, NC, Daszkowski, AW, James, KA, & Mihic, SJ (2019). I-Ketone body modulation yamashaneli e-ion ane-ligand-gated. I-Neuropharmacology, 148, 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.013
Pietrzak, D., Kasperek, K., Rękawek, P., & Piątkowska-Chmiel, I. (2022a). Indima Yokwelapha Yokudla Kwe-Ketogenic Ezinkinga Zezinzwa. Amakhemikhali, 14(9), Isigaba 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091952
Pietrzak, D., Kasperek, K., Rękawek, P., & Piątkowska-Chmiel, I. (2022b). Indima Yokwelapha Yokudla Kwe-Ketogenic Ezinkinga Zezinzwa. Amakhemikhali, 14(9), i-1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091952
Raulin, A.-C., Doss, SV, Trottier, ZA, Ikezu, TC, Bu, G., & Liu, C.-C. (2022). I-ApoE ku-Alzheimer's disease: I-Pathophysiology kanye namasu okwelapha. I-Molecular Neurodegeneration, 17(1), i-72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4
U-Rho, J., & Stafstrom, C. (2012). I-Ketogenic Diet njenge-Paradigm yokwelapha ye-Diverse Neurological Disorders. Imingcele e-Pharmacology, 3. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2012.00059
U-Ribarič, S. (2023). Ukuthola Ukwehla Kwengqondo Kwangaphambi Kwase-Alzheimer's nge-Brain Synaptic Structural and Functional Evaluation. Ama-Biomedicines, 11(2), Isigaba 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020355
Schain, M., & Kreisl, WC (2017). I-Neuroinflammation ku-Neurodegenerative Disorders-Ukubuyekeza. Imibiko Yamanje Ye-Neurology kanye Neuroscience, 17(3), i-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-017-0733-2
U-Sharma, C., & Kim, SR (2021). Ukuxhumanisa i-Oxidative Stress kanye ne-Proteinopathy ku-Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants, 10(8), Isigaba 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081231
U-Şimşek, H., & Uçar, A. (2022). Ingabe I-Ketogenic Diet Therapy iyikhambi le-Alzheimer's Disease noma I-Mild Cognitive Impairments?: Ukubuyekezwa Okulandisayo Kwezilingo Ezilawulwa Ngokungahleliwe. Intuthuko ku-Gerontology, 12(2), i-200-208. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079057022020175
Simunkova, M., Alwasel, SH, Alhazza, IM, Jomova, K., Kollar, V., Rusko, M., & Valko, M. (2019). Ukuphathwa kokucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative namanye ama-pathologies ku-Alzheimer's disease. Izingobo zomlando ze-Toxicology, 93(9), i-2491-2513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02538-y
Sridharan, B., & Lee, M.-J. (2022). I-Ketogenic Diet: I-Neuroprotective Composition Ethembisayo Yokuphatha Izifo ze-Alzheimer kanye Nezinqubo zayo Ze-Pathological. Imithi Yamanje Yamangqamuzana, 22(7), i-640-656. https://doi.org/10.2174/1566524021666211004104703
I-Strope, TA, & Wilkins, HM (2023). I-Amyloid precursor protein kanye ne-mitochondria. Umbono Wamanje ku-Neurobiology, 78, 102651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2022.102651
Thakur, S., Dhapola, R., Sarma, P., Medhi, B., & Reddy, DH (2023). I-Neuroinflammation ku-Alzheimer's Disease: Inqubekela-phambili Yamanje Ku-Molecular Signaling and Therapeutics. Ukuvuvukala, 46(1), i-1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-022-01721-1
Varesi, A., Pierella, E., Romeo, M., Piccini, GB, Alfano, C., Bjørklund, G., Oppong, A., Ricevuti, G., Esposito, C., Chirumbolo, S., & U-Pascale, A. (2022). Indima engaba khona ye-Gut Microbiota ku-Alzheimer's Disease: Ukusuka Ekuxilongeni kuya Ekwelashweni. Amakhemikhali, 14(3), i-668. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030668
I-Vascular Dementia Indlela Yokuphila kanye Namasu Okuvimbela Ukudla Okunempilo-ProQuest. (nd). Ibuyiselwe ngoJanuwari 27, 2022, kusukela https://www.proquest.com/openview/44d6b91873db89a2ab8b1fbe2145c306/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Wang, J.-H., Guo, L., Wang, S., Yu, N.-W., & Guo, F.-Q. (2022). Izindlela ze-pharmacological ezingaba khona ze-β-hydroxybutyrate zokuthuthukisa imisebenzi yengqondo. Umbono wamanje ku-Pharmacology, 62, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2021.10.005
Warren, CE, Saito, ER, & Bikman, BT (nd). Ukudla Kwe-Ketogenic Kuthuthukisa Ukusebenza Kwe-Hippocampal Mitochondrial. 2.
Xu, Y., Zheng, F., Zhong, Q., & Zhu, Y. (2023). I-Ketogenic Diet Njengokungeniswa Okungezona Izidakamizwa Okuthembisayo Kwesifo Se-Alzheimer: Izindlela kanye Nemiphumela Yomtholampilo. I-Journal yezifo ze-Alzheimer, 92(4), i-1173-1198. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-230002
Yassine, HN, Self, W., Kerman, BE, Santoni, G., Navalpur Shanmugam, N., Abdullah, L., Golden, LR, Fonteh, AN, Harrington, MG, Gräff, J., Gibson, GE, U-Kalaria, R., Luchsinger, JA, Feldman, HH, Swerdlow, RH, Johnson, LA, Albensi, BC, Zlokovic, BV, Tanzi, R., … Bowman, GL (2023). Ukudla okunomsoco kanye ne-cerebral bioenergetics ku-Alzheimer's disease kanye nokuwohloka komqondo okuhlobene. I-Alzheimer's & Dementia, 19(3), i-1041-1066. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12845
Yin, JX, Maalouf, M., Han, P., Zhao, M., Gao, M., Dharshaun, T., Ryan, C., Whitelegge, J., Wu, J., Eisenberg, D., Reiman , EM, Schweizer, FE, & Shi, J. (2016). Ama-ketone avimba ukungena kwe-amyloid futhi athuthukise ukuqonda kumodeli ye-Alzheimer's. I-Neurobiology Yokuguga, 39, 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.11.018
Younes, L., Albert, M., Moghekar, A., Soldan, A., Pettigrew, C., & Miller, MI (2019). Ukuhlonza Amaphuzu Okushintsha Kuma-Biomarkers Ngesikhathi Sesigaba Sokugula Kwesifo I-Alzheimer's. Frontiers ku ukuguga Neuroscience, 11. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00074
Yudkoff, M., Daikhin, Y., Nissim, I., Lazarow, A., & Nissim, I. (2004). Ukudla kwe-Ketogenic, i-brain glutamate metabolism kanye nokulawula ukubanjwa. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes kanye Essential Fatty Acids, 70(3), i-277-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2003.07.005
Zhu, H., Bi, D., Zhang, Y., Kong, C., Du, J., Wu, X., Wei, Q., & Qin, H. (2022). Ukudla kwe-Ketogenic kwezifo zabantu: Izindlela eziyisisekelo kanye namandla okuqaliswa komtholampilo. Ukuguqulwa Kwesiginali kanye Nokwelashwa Okuhlosiwe, 7(1), Isigaba 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00831-w