Indlela I-Biogenesis, Dynamics, kanye ne-Mitophagy Yokulungisa Ubuchopho Bakho
Isikhathi sokufunda esilinganiselwe: 8 imizuzu
Abanye benu sebeqala ukuqonda ukuthi udinga ukugxila ekusebenzeni kwe-mitochondrial ukuze ube nobuchopho obunempilo obuvumela umoya omuhle kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo ye-rockin. Abanye benu balungile ngokwazi ukuthi i-mitochondria iyisihluthulelo. Futhi ungase ujabulele lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi elula mayelana nalezi organelles ezimangalisayo!
Kodwa abanye benu bafuna ukwazi okwengeziwe nge-mitochondria, futhi ukufunda ngayo kubalulekile kuwe. Ungase ufane nami, odinga ukuqonda ngempela isayensi yami "kungani" ukuze okuthile kungene futhi ukuze ukuziphatha kwami okusha kube nenjongo. Ngakho-ke uma unjalo, lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kungokwakho!
Ake sixoxe ngezindlela ezigcina impilo ye-mitochondrial bese sibheka ukuthi ukudla kwe-ketogenic kungase kuthonye kanjani lezo zindlela zokukusiza uzizwe ungcono. Siqale?
I-Mitochondrial Biogenesis
I-Mitochondrial biogenesis inqubo lapho i-mitochondria entsha ikhiqizwa ngaphakathi kweseli, futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni umzimba weselula, ukugcina i-homeostasis yamandla, kanye nokunciphisa imiphumela yokucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative. Le nqubo ilawulwa kakhulu futhi ihilela ukuhlanganiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-gene expression, ukuhumusha amaprotheni, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-organelle.
Umshayeli oyinhloko we-mitochondrial biogenesis yi-transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α. Ungathuswa isobho elincane lezinhlamvu. Lokhu kulula ukukuqonda! Ngiyakwethembisa.
Amakhodi wofuzo we-PGC-1α wephrotheni ebizwa nge-PGC-1α. Akumangalisi, njengoba izakhi zofuzo eziningi zinikeza imiyalelo yokwenza amaprotheni.
I-PGC-1α iphrotheni esiza ukudala nokugcina i-mitochondria enempilo kuma-neurons ngokugqugquzela ukukhiqizwa kwe-mitochondria entsha. Ivula ukuvezwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ku-biogenesis ye-mitochondrial (indalo!) futhi isebenze, ekugcineni ikhiqize i-mitochondria entsha futhi ithuthukise ikhono le-mitochondria ekhona ukukhiqiza amandla!
Sekukonke, inqubo ye-mitochondrial biogenesis ihilela ukuvezwa okuhlelekile kwezakhi zofuzo eziningi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwenani elikhulu lamaprotheni namanye ama-molecule, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-mitochondria entsha ngaphakathi kweseli. Futhi uma ungenayo le ngxenye yomsebenzi we-mitochondrial oqhubeka ngendlela enempilo, ubuchopho bakho buzolambela amandla obudingayo ukuze busebenze futhi buzinakekele. Idala inqwaba yemiphumela emibi edala izinkinga ngalezi ezinye izindlela ze-mitochondrial.
Ngakho masifunde okwengeziwe.
I-Mitochondrial Dynamics
I-Mitochondrial dynamics ibhekisela endleleni i-mitochondria eshintsha ngayo ukuma nobukhulu bayo ngokuphendula amasignali ahlukene emizimbeni yethu. Le nqubo ilawulwa yizinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-fusion kanye ne-fission. Ungathuswa yila magama amabili (njengoba nganginjalo), ngoba ngizowachaza kalula lapha.
I-Fusion yilapho ama-mitochondria amabili noma ngaphezulu ehlangana ukuze akhe inethiwekhi enkulu, exhumeke kakhulu, kuyilapho i-fission ilapho i-mitochondrion ihlukana ibe amayunithi amabili noma ngaphezulu amancane. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-mitochondria kungakhuphula inani lamandla akhiqizwayo, kuyilapho i-fission inganciphisa. Lokhu kuvumela i-mitochondria ukuthi ikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezidingo zamandla ezehlukene kuseli.
Ngokuhlangana kanye ne-fission, i-mitochondria ingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimfuno zamandla ezishintshayo futhi iphendule kukucindezeleka kwamaselula. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lapho i-mitochondria ihlangana ndawonye, yabelana ngezinsiza futhi ingakhiqiza amandla amaningi kunalapho ihlukene. Ngokuphambene, lapho i-mitochondria ithola i-fission, iba mancane futhi ibe yodwa, okunganciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla.
Izinguquko ekubunjweni kwe-mitochondrial zibalulekile futhi zingabasiza ukuba baphendule ekucindezelekeni kwamaselula. Isibonelo, lapho amaseli echayeke emazingeni aphezulu okucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative (okungalimaza amaseli kanye ne-DNA), i-mitochondria ingase ibhekane ne-fission ukuze ikhiqize i-mitochondria entsha, enempilo engakwazi ukubhekana kangcono nokucindezeleka. Lezi zinguquko ekubumbeni (i-morphology) zingasiza futhi ukwenza kube lula ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-mitochondria nezinye izingxenye zeseli. Isibonelo, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-mitochondria kungavumela ukushintshaniswa kwamaprotheni namanye ama-molecule phakathi kwe-mitochondria, okungaba okubalulekile ekulawuleni umzimba weselula nokukhiqizwa kwamandla.
I-Mitochondrial Mitophagy
I-Mitochondrial mitophagy iyinqubo lapho amangqamuzana asusa ngokukhetha i-mitochondria eyonakele noma engasebenzi, esiza ukugcina inethiwekhi ye-mitochondrial enempilo nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative. Futhi nonke manje seniyazi ukuthi lokho kusho ukuthini ekusebenzeni kobuchopho!
Inqubo ye-mitophagy ye-mitochondrial ihilela izinyathelo ezimbalwa. Okokuqala, i-mitochondria eyonakele noma engasebenzi iyahlonzwa futhi imakwe ukubhujiswa ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-ubiquitination. Leli gama elijabulisayo lichaza inqubo lapho iphrotheni ebizwa ngokuthi i-ubiquitin yengezwe ku-mitochondria eyonakele, imaka ukuthi isuswe.
Ngokulandelayo, i-mitochondria ephawuliwe izungezwe ulwelwesi olubizwa ngokuthi i-autophagosome, olwakha i-vesicle egudla i-mitochondria eyonakele. I-autophagosome ibe isihlangana ne-lysosome, i-organelle ekhethekile equkethe ama-enzyme angakwazi ukudiliza futhi anciphise udoti wamaselula.
Lapho i-mitochondria eyonakele isingaphakathi kwe-lysosome, ama-enzyme awahlukanisa abe izingxenye zawo, ezingase zigaywe kabusha yiseli. Kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa izinyathelo ezimbalwa kanye nokuxhumanisa izingxenye zeselula ezihlukahlukene. Ngenhlanhla, awudingi ukuqonda zonke izinyathelo ukuze wazi ukuthi le nqubo ye-mitochondrial ibalulekile ezinhlosweni zakho zempilo yobuchopho.
Phakathi nezikhathi zokungasebenzi kahle kwe-mitochondrial kanye nokwehluleka kwezinqubo zokulawula ikhwalithi ye-mitochondrial (njenge-mitophagy) i-ROS/RNS ingabangela umonakalo kuma-macromolecules weselula nokufa kwe-necrotic cell. Ukulawulwa ngendlela efanele kanye nokuxhumana kwemigudu ye-mitophagy kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukufa kwamangqamuzana nokuvuvukala.
Swerdlow, NS, & Wilkins, HM (2020). I-Mitophagy kanye nobuchopho. Umagazini wezwe jikelele wezesayensi yamangqamuzana, 21(24), i-9661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249661
Le nqubo yokususwa okukhethiwe kwe-mitochondria eyonakele isiza ekugcineni inethiwekhi ye-mitochondrial enempilo futhi inciphise ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative futhi ngokuyisisekelo iyingxenye enkulu yekhono lakho lokubuyisela isimo sakho sengqondo nokusebenza kwengqondo!
#MitochondriaMatter
Ebuchosheni, i-mitophagy ibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yezidingo eziphezulu zamandla amangqamuzana obuchopho kanye nokuba sengozini yawo ekucindezelekeni kwe-oxidative. Ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-mitochondrial kanye nengcindezi ye-oxidative kuye kwaba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinkinga ze-neurodeergenerative kanye nesifo sengqondo.
Ukudla kwe-Ketogenic kanye ne-Mitochondria
Ngicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi ukudla kwe-ketogenic kunemiphumela emihle kakhulu kulezi zindlela ze-mitochondrial.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi ukudla kwe-ketogenic kungathinta amandla e-mitochondrial, okuhlanganisa izinqubo zokuhlanganisa kanye ne-fission eyenza i-mitochondrial morphology. Ucwaningo ezilwaneni nakubantu lubonise ukuthi ukudla kwe-ketogenic kungandisa ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ekuhlanganiseni kwe-mitochondrial, okwandisa ubukhulu be-mitochondrial kanye nobunzima benethiwekhi.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi ukudla kwe-ketogenic kunganciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ku-mitochondrial fission, okungakhuthaza ukuhlukana kwe-mitochondrial kanye nokungasebenzi kahle. Ngokuqondile, ukudla okune-ketogenic kutholakale ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwephrotheni i-Drp1, ehilelekile ohlelweni lwe-mitochondrial fission.
I-KD ingase icindezele i-ER [endoplasmic reticulum] ingcindezi futhi ivikele ubuqotho be-mitochondrial ngokucindezela ukudluliselwa kwe-mitochondrial ye-Drp1 ukuze ivimbele ukusebenza kwe-NLRP3 inflammasome, ngaleyo ndlela ibe nemiphumela ye-neuroprotective.
Kungani sifuna ukunciphisa i-mitochondrial fission? Ngoba i-mitochondrial fission ngokweqile ingaholela ekuhlukaneni kwe-mitochondrial kanye nokungasebenzi kahle, okuye kwaxhunyaniswa nezifo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuphazamiseka kwe-neurodegenerative.
Lezi zinguquko ku-mitochondrial dynamics zingase zibe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni okuphelele komsebenzi we-mitochondrial obonwa ngokudla kwe-ketogenic.
Nakuba izindlela lapho ukudla kwe-ketogenic kungase kuthuthuke khona lezi zimo kunwebeka ngaphezu komsebenzi we-mitochondrial, izinga elikhulu lapho i-ketosis yokudla okunomsoco ikhulisa khona ukuthembela kumetabolism ye-mitochondrial iphakamisa ngokuqinile ukuthi ukuzivumelanisa ne-mitochondrial kuyisici esiyinhloko.
Miller, VJ, Villamena, FA, & Volek, JS (2018). I-ketosis yokudla okunomsoco kanye ne-mitohormesis: imiphumela engaba khona ekusebenzeni kwe-mitochondrial kanye nempilo yabantu. Ijenali yomsoco kanye nemetabolism, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5157645
Isiphetho
Ngakho-ke yebo, i-mitochondria iyimithombo yamandla yamaseli ethu, anesibopho sokukhiqiza amandla amangqamuzana ethu awadingayo ukuze asebenze kahle. Kodwa izinqubo ze-mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy ye-mitochondrial, kanye ne-mitochondrial biogenesis nazo zibalulekile ekugcineni impilo yalezi zitho ezibalulekile kanye nokusebenza okufanele.
Ngalezi zinqubo, amangqamuzana angakwazi ukulawula ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye ne-metabolism ebuchosheni. Sidinga lezi zindlela zisebenze kahle ukuze zivumelane nezimfuno zamandla ezishintshayo, siphendule izingcindezi zamaselula, futhi sinqande ukunqwabelana kwe-mitochondria eyonakele noma engasebenzi. Futhi kwenzekani lapho lezi zindlela ziphazamiseka ebuchosheni? Sibona ukukhula kokugula kwengqondo kanye nokuphazamiseka kwe-neurodeergenerative.
Uma leso sitatimende sokugcina sizwakala siyihlazo futhi singahambisani nesayensi, udinga ukubamba iqhaza emikhakheni ye-metabolic psychiatry kanye ne-neurology. Ngingancoma ukuthi uhlole Incwadi kaChris Palmer Brain Energy (bheka izinkomba).
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, ufunde ukuthi ucwaningo lwakamuva lusekela ukugomela kokuthi ukudla kwe-ketogenic kungaba nomthelela obalulekile we-mitochondrial dynamics kanye nomsebenzi. Futhi asikhulumi ngezidlo ze-ketogenic ezenza imiphumela ye-wimpy. Ukudla kwe-ketogenic kushintsha ngokoqobo ukuvezwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ku-mitochondrial fission kanye ne-fusion futhi kunemiphumela ye-neuroprotective.
Uma ufuna ukusebenzisana nami ukwenza imisebenzi ye-mitochondrial ye-kick-ass efana nalena, wamukelekile ukuthi ubuze mayelana nohlelo lwami lwe-inthanethi ngezansi:
Ngiyethemba ukuthi lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kube nomthelela ekuqondeni kwakho izinqubo ezilawula ukusebenza kwe-mitochondrial kanye namandla nokuthi ukudla kwe-ketogenic kungaba kanjani ukungenelela okunamandla ukwelapha ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic ebuchosheni okubonakala njengokugula kwengqondo nokuphazamiseka kwezinzwa.
Ngoba unelungelo lokwazi zonke izindlela ongazizwa ungcono ngazo.
Okubhekwayo
U-Guo, M., Wang, X., Zhao, Y., Yang, Q., Ding, H., Dong, Q., … & Cui, M. (2018). Ukudla kwe-Ketogenic kuthuthukisa ukubekezelelana kwe-ischemic yobuchopho futhi kuvimbela ukusebenza kwe-NLRP3 inflammasome ngokuvimbela i-Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission kanye nokucindezeleka kwe-endoplasmic reticulum. Frontiers kwiMoleky Neuroscience, 11, 86. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00086
Miller, VJ, Villamena, FA, & Volek, JS (2018). I-ketosis yokudla okunomsoco kanye ne-mitohormesis: imiphumela engaba khona ekusebenzeni kwe-mitochondrial kanye nempilo yabantu. Ijenali yomsoco kanye nemetabolism, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5157645
I-Palmer, i-CD (2014). Amandla Obuchopho. I-Academic Press. https://brainenergy.com/
Qu, C., Keijer, J., Adjobo-Hermans, MJ, van de Wal, M., Schirris, T., van Karnebeek, C., … & Koopman, WJ (2021). Ukudla kwe-ketogenic njengendlela yokungenelela yokwelapha isifo se-mitochondrial. I-International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 138, 106050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106050
Swerdlow, NS, & Wilkins, HM (2020). I-Mitophagy kanye nobuchopho. Umagazini wezwe jikelele wezesayensi yamangqamuzana, 21(24), i-9661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249661
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